Chemistry Component

How Pressure Temperature and Volume (gas laws) play a role in their design:
The Gay Lussac's law states that the volume is constant and the pressure of gas is proportional to the temperature in the project.When lighting the ethanol, it increases the temperature in the ethanol and the volume of its gas increases and pushes the ball out.

Chemical Equation for the combustion of Ethanol Oxygen:
C2H5OH+3O2---2CO2+3H2O

Launch Angle/Justification(usingmath reasoning): Our group chose an 45* to angle our cannons because we think that 40* would be too low and anything aimed to higher than 50* would shoot straight up and not get our maximum shooting range.

We choose our design because we believe that is the most efficient design because of its reinforced areas and chambers.

What you would do differently? The thing that I would do diffrently would be not using the very bottom base as a holder at the end of the cannon.I realy do not see the need for that extra part.


Difficulties in construction: In constructing the cannon we had difficulties trying to allow the cannon to stand. Our first try was cutting the lids of tennis ball cans and trying tomake a stand for it but it did not work. 



Record the distance your cannon shot the nerf ball.(do in March)


Materials: 2 tennis ball cans with tops,scissors,and an 18 inch piece of tape.
1.Measure the first tennis ball can 4 inches above the bottom of the bottle . Then after the first mark draw a second mark with within 4 inches of the first mark.Cut the first Tennis ball can first and second mark of the cannon.Then we stab a hole on the bottom piece left over near and measure three inches from the bottom to allow the gas to escape.We do this same procedure for the second tennis bottle can we have. Exception:do not put a hole 3 inches above the bottom of the bottle of the second tennis ball can.

2.Then take the Second tennis ball can and cut the bottom of the bottle off where the first mark from the bottom starts and then cut the second mark which is at the top of tennis ball bottle off.The second cannon you should do the same rules.

3. You just have the base of the tennis ball can left over.After you cut the two bottles you should have a top Part, a cut middle part bottle and half of the end of the first bottle on bottom. Put them all together.Remember if you have cut the wire on the second tennis ball bottle do it now we need it later on on you should only have a top plastic par of the bottle with the wire on top of it.

4. Tap these pieces together with duct tape to hold them in place.




5.After taping the pieces together measure 45 degrees from the bottom of the cannon and then once you get a mark of 45* insert the last part of the tennis ball cannon which is the very base of the cannon we cut earlier and insert onto the end of the cannon.
 




6.Take the piece of  silver wire left and insert it onto the the front of the cannon to raise the cannon to shoot a little higher.







Expected Results/Intial Velocity:

Our group found this formula from research:

g: the gravitational acceleration—usually taken to be 9.80 m/s² (32 f/s²) near the Earth's surface

θ: the angle at which the projectile is launched

v: the velocity at which the projectile is launched

We did this equation with a mine of prediction that the intial velocity would be somwhere around 5.0.
So We used 12 which was the seconds the cannonball flew in the air. We multiplied 12 times 32ft .We arrived at the answer of 384.Then we plugged in our calculator sin(45). We got the answer of .707sin.Then we multiplied .707 times 2.Which gave us the answer of 1.41.We divided 384 by 1.41 and got the answer of 272 ft per second for velocity.

So with our findings of the intial velocity my trajectory predictions are that higher the cannon goes up in the air,the slower it falls down in the air.
Cannon Construction Plan:

Math Component

Quadratic Model h= -16t²+v₀t+h₀

A cannonball is shot upward from the upper deck of a fort with an initial velocity of 192 feet per second.  The deck is 32 feet above the ground. 

Quadratic Model: __________________

1.     How high does the cannonball go? __________ (Remember you are looking for a specific part of the vertex.)

2.     How long is the cannonball in the air? ___________ (Remember you can use the quadratic formula.)

Step to solve first problem:You use the formula-   b/2a

Step 1:I used the -b over 2a for the first equation.

Step 2:The b term is 192 which is my velocity and I put a negative outside of the parentheses.

Step3:I put negative 192 over 2 times my a term which is -16 .

Step3:The I put negative 192 over -32 which the answer is 6.

Step 4: Then I plugged all the numbers in the t  -16(6)^2+192+32 .

Step 5:That gives me the answer of 608 ft.

Steps to solve Second Problem

Step1:I use the Quadratic Formula which is  negative b Plus or minus square root b squared negative 4 ac over two a.

Step 2 :I plug my numbers in the right places in the quadratic formula.

Step 3:I put negative 192 in the -b outside of the square root.

Step 4:I insert a plus and minus before the square root .

Step 5: plug in 192^2 in the b squared area and then minus 4 and times (-16) because that represents a and multiply the c represents 32.

Step 6:I put a dividing symbol and put 2 times-16. Negative 192 plus and minus square root of 38912 divided by negative 32.

Step 7:I plugged each number in twice for instance negative 192 minus the square root divided by negative 32 and negative 192 plus the square root and divided by negative 32.

Step8: I came up with the answer and that is two diffrent answers negative.16 and 12.16. I go with the highest number which is 12.16 because the question is asking how long does the cannonball go up in the air.

English Component

"Afghanistan War."encyclopedia.com.  encyclopedia,  n.d.  Web. 24 Jan. 2011.
"Battle of Shimabara Rebellion War." CountryWars.com. Country Wars, n.d. Web. 24 March. 2005.

“Rio Favelas”. Scothadfield.ca. Scothadfields, n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2011.

“Religions of Japan.” Word IQ.com. Word IQ, n.d. Web. 4 Jan.2011.

Shackleford  Rusty p.h.d. “Zeus: Humvees with Laser Cannons.”Photograph. New Cannon IQ. n.d,  20 February 2006. Web. 2 Feb. 2011.

Luoshangzhi. ”SciFi Pirates."  Photograph. Cannon Wars.  Wargames Factory Forums, 22 May 2004. Web. 2 Feb. 2011.    

Wallace Robert .“From Dam Neck to Okinawa: A Memoir of Antiaircraft Training in World War II.” Photograph. World War 2 Effects . n.d,  22 June 2004. Web. 2 Feb. 2011.

This is how the Story A Long Way Gone relates to the arguement on the ethics of weapon developement The boy Ishmael could have used the gun as a sense of protection but not have used it to take revenge . That is the Right and wrong about the story. I believe that it is wrong to kill people for no reason and to take revenge using guns or any kind of weapons of mass destruction. Those guns in the story a Long Way Gone just have been used to attack the rebels or attackers when they came to their villiage.

History Component

Cannon Design: Hand Cannon 1271-1368                                   

Description: The Hand Cannon is constructed of metal. This cannon is also constructed of a barrel. This Hand cannon has a flash pan attached. A hole was drilled through the flash pan. The flash pan was attached to the barrel and it had a leather cover to keep the gun powder drill, so it will not fire early.

Manufacture: China

Battle:Battle of Ain Jalut

Ammunition Type: Smoldering wood or coal, red hot iron rods, slow burning matches, arrows, shaped balls of stone.

Research on economic impacts: This war was between the Mongols and the Malmuks. Malmuks wanted to  expand the Mongols empire. In order to do that there was the Battle of Ain Jalut. The Mongols used the hand cannon to meet their goal which was to gain power by expanding and wanting new land which was  the Mongolian Empire.
 Research on Social Impacts: The hand cannon was used to destroy the Mongols in the battle of Ain jalut. The Mamluks found out in order to expand the Mongolian empire they must have to use some kind of powerful ammunition and weapon. So they used or developed the hand cannon to destroy them. Since they used this cannon most of half of the villagers of the mongolian empire died  because of this powerful force of ammunition.This is how the hand cannon had a Social impact during the battle of Ain Jalut.
Cannon Design: Falconet 1700   

Description: The barrel of the cannon is 4 feet. It has a Matlock musket and a wheel carriage. This was made out of brass and developed by American troops .

Manufacture: American Troops

Battles: American Civil War

Ammunition Type: black powder, grapeshot

Research on economic impacts: The Civil War was about freedom of slaves. African Americans were slaves and they wanted freedom. The labor issues of slaves were that the south had cheap slaves. The north used this cannon called the Falconet to defeat the south which were the confederates.  The confederates wanted to keep their slaves to work in the fields.This Falconet cannon actually prevented the south from winning and this caused the south to lose their slaves because if the north won the slaves would be free. If their are no Slaves there is low crop income because their is no one to work in the fields.
Research on social impacts: The American Civil War did free the slaves although it started something else.Since the falconet cannon helped destroy  the confederates, the southners were mad very long decades. In the 1960s segreation became know through out the black and white community.The whites did not like the blacks. So this became segreation no whites in a all black school. No Blacks in a all white school. Society did not truly change because of the The American Civil War.
The falconet Cannon help destroy some of the army troops of the Confederate side and this liberated the south.

 Cannon Design: Light Cruiser Cannon 1894-1895   

Description: The tube length was 30 calibers. This cannon was developed out of brass also.

Manufacture: Brazilian Army

Battles: War of Canudos

AmmunitionType: high explosive

Research on economic impacts: The Brazilian war was about a group of Monarchist settlers who settled in the Northeastern Bahia State Canudos.The Brazilian army(state army) heard that they were new settlers who found a new community to stay near brazil. They thought that these settlers were go to invade their country so this started the war of Canudos.The economic impact of this cannon would be this cannon wiped out all their crops and houses. Without the crops of their fields people could not have a source of income. That means that they would not be able to feed their children or give them the education that they deserved. 


Research on Social Impacts: This cannon destroyed the people of caundos. The brazilian army first used and developement this cannon to destroy the monarchists settlers and everything including their houses.When the war was over their was about 30,000 people of caundos dead because of this kind of Ammunition. There were only 400 people dead alive after this war.

Cannon Design: Satsuma Cannon 1846
Description: The Satsuma cannon weigh 150 lbs. It has 290 calibers .The length of cannon was 4220 mm. The cannon has a bronze turquoise cannon color to it.

Manufacture: Japanese Army
Battles: Battle of Satsuma
Ammunition Type: gun powder

Research on economic impacts: The emperor of Japan knew that Europe and Americans were putting together the Asian neighbors and they were planning to come together . The Imperial family had ordered the deaths of millions Japanese Christian in Kyushu.These millions of Japanese fought back. The Satsuma cannon that was used cost 10,000 yen. The imperial family wanted them all killed so they used the Satsuma cannon to allow their power to be known.The Satsuma cannon actually did not help the economy it bombed the whole land the japanese christians had.This Imperial family had spent a lot of money because they needed a lot of Ammunition to kill all of these Japanese Christians.
Research on social impacts: The Satsuma Cannon was going to destroy all of the Japanese Christians. Christianity does not play a big role in japan society. These different kinds of religions their such as christianity, islam and Skihism. The percentage of Japanese that are Christians are 64%. After this war and the use of the satsuma Cannon destroying the Japanese Christians, Christianity became the lowest on the list of religions in Japan. Since this Satsuma cannon actually destroyed some of the Japanese christians living in that time period. That is the social impact of this cannon upon this battle of Satsuma.
Cannon Design:  World War II Cannon 1946

Maufacture : World War II Army 


Description: This cannon has 60 calibers and has light turquoise texture to it.

Battles:World WarII

Ammunition Type:Lead balls

Research on economic impact:World war 2 was started because Adolf Hitler ( a military general) and the German soldiers called Nazis, invaded Poland in 1939. Billions of the taxpayers money were used to buy ammunition,guns,missles and other neccesities. Army men had to leave their families but since the men were working in the army women made the money for the household.The World War II canon cost the taxpayers above $35,000.The nazi's wanted the poland country. So the U.S Army decide to use these cannons to fight and not let hitler take over their countries and have power over them.
Research on Social impacts:

 In Russia there were millions of civilians who died. The Nazi 's did not like any other race but if you were german.So Adolf Hitler was determined to destroy the Jews,Blacks,and even Americans.This World War II cannon did kill many people also.So the World World II cannon was used because the United States did not want to be one of those countries of being destroyed. The United States used the world War II cannon to retalitae and destroy their the germans .

Cannon Design:Laser cannon 2006

Description:The Laser Cannon uses an industrial solid state laser, normally used to cut metal, but can also ignite explosives up to 300 meters away.

Manufacture: United States Army

Battle: Afghanistan War

Ammunition Type:Shells and Cluster Bombs

Research on Economic impacts:The Afghanistan War  receives about 751 billion dollars from the Uniteds States to support the war. The United States Army uses this laser cannon and costs about 7 million dollars.The Uniteds States taxes paid for the artillery needed.The Laser cannon saves money because their is less amunition wasted on when their is even nobody to kill.It has more of a targeted hit.This cannon greatly effected afghanistan.This laser cannon also give afghanistan people some relief about being attacked on their piece of land.The laser cannon can prevent the army of walking into roadside bombs. They can use this cannon and get rid of the bomb without getting close to it.This cannon does not allow the terrioists to have power over them.

Research on Social Impact: This cannon helped the United States Army probably by having lowered the death rates in Afghanistan slowly. The Afghanistan War is a war on terroism. The laser cannon was added to Destroy the enemy in Afghanistan war.This laser cannon helps the U.s solidrs for getting killed by road bombs and their arms and legs blown off.This laser cannon automatically shoots so you are ready when you don't see your opponent This laser cannon can also not know that thing which is moving in the bushes is an enemy. This laser cannon helps them destroy and protect afghanistan from terroists. With the protection from the Americans afghanistans people do not after worry that much about terroists.

Question 4) Morals are High priniciples regarding distinction between right and wrong.Yes it is wrong to develop weapons of mass destruction because it could wipe out a lot of people.Sometimes developing mass destruction to protect  the United States is good and sometimes wrong. Not just the United States builded a mass destruction.  Also the other countries such as China,Japan,and Germany.The military ethic says that it is right to develop a cannon because it use to destroy the enemy.I agree the cannons are a use of protection from the enemies but is it worth killing other innocent people ? no,It is always good to be prepared and to have a weapon always because you never know when terrioists attack.Morrally it may be incorrect to develop mass destruction weapons but the United States has to compete with other countries that have mass destruction. 

This is how the Story A Long Way Gone relates to the arguement on the ethics of weapon developement The boy Ishmael could have used the gun as a sense of protection but not have used it to take revenge . That is the Right and wrong about the story. I believe that it is wrong to kill people for no reason and to take revenge using guns or any kind of weapons of mass destruction. Those guns in the story a Long Way Gone just have been used to attack the rebels or attackers when they came to their villiage.